Trumans Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb Essay Example

Trumans Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb Essay For what reason did Truman utilize the nuclear bomb against Japan? What did his choice state about needs of American international strategy? | Truman choice and explanations for organization of the nuclear bomb| | Min Yong Jung| 11/2/2010| | Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States, sent the nuclear bomb on Japan to guarantee the finish of the Pacific War with insignificant US setbacks. Endless supply of the Potsdam Declaration and calls for unqualified acquiescence by the Japanese, the US in direct counter sent the nuclear weapon ‘Little Boy’ on the city of Hiroshima in August 6, 1945 and proceeded by besieging Nagasaki with ‘Fat Man’ on August ninth. The Allies had closed the European front by catching Berlin and crushing the rest of Axis powers in May 1945. The Pacific front anyway remained and was unique in relation to battle in Europe; the fierceness of the Japanese to shield their country brought about a more significant level of losses endured by the US. Truman â€Å"never had any doubts†¦ had felt no second thoughts, about the nuclear bombings since they constrained a conclusion to the war and spared American lives. †Thus with an end goal to close the Pacific War, Truman sent the Atomic Bomb so as to end the war that settled in US assets and labor for more than 5 years and as a straightforward reward to expand the bartering ability of the US against the Soviet Union. The choice to send the nuclear weapon was to a great extent because of the way that it would spare the lives of American soldiers. We will compose a custom article test on Trumans Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Trumans Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Trumans Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Woodrow Wilson had been hailed as the man who kept the US out of a bleeding First World War. US international strategy of restricting setbacks from war by whatever implies important despite everything exists in US international strategy today, as it had back when Truman chose to send the nuclear bomb. It is difficult to quantify the quantity of losses for a war or an intrusion that never happened and the Pacific War specifically as a result of the way that the Japanese were so intense to battle until the last man, lady and youngster. The Joint War Plans Committee inferred that â€Å"the two periods of the attack of Japan would cost around 46,000 American passings and another 174,000 injured and missing. † It is critical to remember that the skirmish of Okinawa came about in â€Å"American losses of 12,000 murdered and absent and another 60,000 wounded† and the fight for Iwo Jima, â€Å"6,821 slaughtered and almost 20,000 injured. † Truman and his counselors arduously contended that the immediate result of the nuclear bomb was a definitive acquiescence of the Japanese government and this accomplished both US essential objectives to both abbreviate the war and spare American lives. Truman and his counsels chose a strategy to restrict American losses while the Japanese, in spite of all cases that they were prepared to give up, were indicating a degree of power and savagery in fight that the US troops had not experienced previously. In this way it was inconceivable, whatever the pre-evaluated figures of US setbacks, to attack the territory of Japan when military pioneers of Japan concluded that the â€Å"only course left is for Japan’s one hundred million individuals to forfeit their lives by charging the adversary to cause them to lose the will to battle. The military heads of Japan contended that â€Å"all man, lady, youngster and older would be drafted to battle the US troops, not to crush it out right in fight yet to guarantee that expanding US setbacks would achieve a turn in open sentiment† towards the war and along these lines guarantee better terms for the post war Japan. The Japanese were both considered by the American open and battling m en to be racially second rate and yet viewed as too human in fight. Plainly the Japanese were coming up short on provisions and the military way to take part in fruitful fight. In this manner they utilized estimates, for example, the Kamikaze pilots â€Å"The kamikazes were as a rule not effective†¦ But very as often as possible they effectively completed their missions. † The Kamikaze in direct interpretations implies divine breeze and is like the banzai charges that the military utilized. Both shared likenesses in that they were self-destructive and not generally successful in removing the foe however such military methodology accentuated Japan’s reluctance to give up. Japan with its long standing history of the Bushido code, accentuated the requirement for faithfulness from its subjects. The Bushido code and assurance of the Japanese authority guaranteed the way that an attack into the terrain of Japan would give high number of losses to US troops and moreover â€Å"more presentation to an adversary that didn't fear passing which would achieve more outcomes like the Indianapolis† on July 29th 1945, where the conveyance of a Japanese torpedo brought about the boat losing â€Å"880 of its group of 1,196. † Thus the sending of the two nuclear bombs were not just essential in that they would guarantee the wellbeing of US troops yet it would likewise give a stun factor to both the individuals and administration of Japan. Air strike alarms had been killed in Hiroshima, because of the way that there were just a few planes noticeable all around. On the off chance that one bomb and one plane could kill a city, there was little for the Japanese to do in safeguard against such a damaging weapon. Defenders of the contention that Truman was improper in utilizing the nuclear bomb, continually contend that the Japanese were drained in their will and capacity to take up arms and were effectively looking for opportunities to closure the war by methods for conciliatory measures through harmony antennas in the Soviet Union. The contention is one of those what if’s in history that can never be finished up by solid measure. What the Truman organization and guides knew about was that the Japanese were resolved to participate fighting with whatever assets they had accessible to them and the at the time Japanese harmony endeavors were unrealistic for them to appreciate as the Japanese Supreme Council itself was uncertain on the issue and in view of the need to achieve unlimited acquiescence. Without unlimited acquiescence, Truman and his counselors felt they might be giving indications of shortcoming and along these lines encouraging the Japanese military who might see it as an indication of US exhaustion of war. On the off chance that the United States seemed to debilitate its interest in the wake of the challenges its soldiers suffered and the setbacks they endured during the Okinawa battle, it would improve the believability of the contention that the Americans must be stood up to with hard and fast protection from the intrusion of Japan. † The US and the world at this point distinguished the harm ony arrangement of Versailles to be one of the main sources of the Second World War. The Germans were not vanquished and the reparation requests prompted monetary difficulty that brought about confidence and backing of a fanatic Nazi gathering. Subsequently by yielding to the requests of the Japanese government the US felt they would empower further animosity in the Pacific. The Office of War Information announced that Japan â€Å"will look for a trade off harmony that will leave unblemished her current decision faction and enough domain and mechanical solidarity to start again a vocation of forceful development. † Truman, as indicated by those near him, was both frightful and apprehensive about communicating his own idea and considerations into open strategy. In this manner he organized the need to keep in accordance with FDR’s strategies and counsels. Since FDR supported the unequivocal acquiescence and on the grounds that the US open was determined about it, Truman couldn't change his course. James F. Byrnes, the secretary of state trusted to his associates that an adjustment in strategy would realize a local torturous killing of the president and this view was re-upheld by a Gallup survey that discovered â€Å"33 percent of the individuals who reacted figured the sovereign ought to be executed and another 17 percent needed to put him being investigated; just 4 percent supported no discipline. On the off chance that Truman surrendered to such requests, he would have confronted cruel analysis from the US open, which could have brought about diminishing his odds for re-appointment. The utilization of the nuclear bomb gave a â€Å"diplomatic bonus† in that Truman would have the option to reinforce his bartering position with the Soviets after the war. Truman’s forerunner Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the Yalta Conferen ce with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in Feb. 1945. At the Yalta Conference Stalin stressed Soviet interests in revamping â€Å"its crushed economy, assets in Asia, impact over Poland, and a Germany so debilitated it would never again walk eastbound. † With the flimsiness made after the Second World War, Revisionists of the contention on Truman’s utilization of the nuclear bomb accepted that US conveyed the nuclear bomb in a show to avert Soviet enthusiasm for the districts featured at the Yalta Conference. In the wake of seeing the course of the war and the effective Island Hopping effort, where the Japanese were left to â€Å"wither on the vine† Truman accepted that the Japanese government would give up without making a subsequent front and the utilization of the nuclear bomb would abbreviate the war as well as forestall Soviet intrigue and impact in Asia and eventually stun the Soviet Union in the post war worldwide field, where the US could impact matters of enthusiasm through recently made global offices that it d

3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases

3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases 3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases 3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases By Mark Nichol In every one of the accompanying sentences, the nonattendance of coincidentally excluded words and expressions prompts sentences that, however intelligible, don't generally say what they set out to impart. Conversation after every model clarifies the issue, and updates offer arrangements. 1. The Voice tutor and Maroon 5 front man appeared to telephone it in from the get-go during the show. In this sentence, the essayist is under the mixed up impression that an article that is a piece of an organization title can serve twofold obligation as an article vital to the punctuation of the sentence in which the title is found. Supplant the title with whatever other expression that doesn't start with the to see the issue. For this situation, on the grounds that the individual being referred to is related to phrases referencing two amusement ventures in which he is included, just supplement an article at the leader of the sentence and transpose the two expressions: â€Å"The Maroon 5 front man and The Voice guide appeared to telephone it in from the get-go during the concert.† At the point when this arrangement isn't accessible on the grounds that just one recognizing phrase is utilized, reworked the sentence in any case: â€Å"Levine, one of the tutors on The Voice, appeared to telephone it in right off the bat during the concert.† This correction isn't as compact, yet it has the favorable position that it, in contrast to the first form, is grammatically solid. 2. We have watched frameworks at locales that regularly don't require any client verification to cooperate with the physical condition and use unsupported and unpatched framework programming. It is at first muddled to the peruser whether the expression â€Å"utilize unsupported and unpatched framework software† is corresponding with the expression â€Å"interact with the physical environment† or with the bigger expression that starts with require and finishes with condition. Since the last decision is the right one, that ought to be rehashed before the expression starting with use to coordinate that state with the one start with require: â€Å"We have watched frameworks at destinations that regularly don't require any client verification to cooperate with the physical condition and that use unsupported and unpatched framework software.† 3. Portable application utilization rates are level yet are presently higher than ATMs. Here, portable application utilization rates are mistakenly contrasted and ATMs; the examination is between versatile application use rates and ATM use rates, and the sentence ought to unequivocally express this, if just with a pronoun expression instead of explicitly equal wording: â€Å"Mobile application use rates are level yet are currently higher than those for ATMs.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingHow to Pronounce MobileHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... what's more, Your CEO

Daylight Saving 2017

Daylight Saving 2017 Significance of Daylight Saving Home›Informative Posts›Significance of Daylight Saving Informative PostsDaylight SavingA Daylight Saving procedure implies setting the clocks an hour forward or back to add more daylight to evenings and get less from mornings. The aim of it is to economize energy and natural recourses. Previously, the Americans called Daylight Saving Time ‘Fast Time.’ Thus, with the coming of spring days become longer and people put their clocks an hour forward. When autumn comes the days become shorter and the clock’s hands come back an hour earlier. It helps to save the energy usage of each family in particular and the whole country in general.The History of  the TraditionThe practice of daylight saving has been practicing for 100 year. However, the first idea of it emerged much earlier. Our ancestors used to adopt their working schedules to the sun light. Thus, they changed throughout the year with the changes of the Sun’s day. The first country to est ablish Daylight Saving was Germany. On April 30, 1916, it turned the hand of clock an hour ahead. The country aimed to reduce the usage of artificial light and economize it for the victory in the World War I. The United Kingdom, France and many other countries followed the idea of the rational Germen very soon. The USA practiced Daylight Saving for the first time in 1918. The efforts of the World War I were the primary reasons for saving too. Robert Garland, a Pittsburgh industrialist, is called “the Father of Daylight Saving” in America today as it was his idea to adopt the procedure from the British.The Results of Light SavingThe Daylight Saving Practice has been bringing many controversies till nowadays. It is proved that it considerably shortens the expenses and lowers power consumption. Within 1975-1976, the Daylight Saving was expended for 8 to 10 months. As a result, it saved 10, 000 barrels of oil every day. However, many people complain that the dark winter mornings mak e children way to school fearful and dangerous. Adults rarely can accompany them as they should hurry to get to their places of work too. Moreover, it is often harder to get up for all age categories of people when it is too dark outside.Current Schedule of Daylight SavingSince 2007 the current schedule of Daylight Saving has been practiced in the USA. It acts according to the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which extended the tradition for a month. Consequently, in 2017 the Americans started saving energy on the second Sunday of March and finished on the first Sunday of November. As Daylight Saving is an annual procedure, people in all states of America prepare beforehand to reset their clocks and watches at midnight or the morning after the stated by the government Sunday. They do this to avoid being late and feel comfortable during the day. There are no other celebrations on these days, but all this running about clocks and watches adds some fun to the ordinary routine of the working days.

Homophobia in Sports for Men and Women - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 838 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Phobia Essay Did you like this example? Why is homophobia in women and men sports a state of paranoia that can still be found in any modern day sports? The effects of this homophobic paranoia have created a culture that can be attributed to the social construction of our past and current societies. Modern day sports have made some progress in acceptance of gay and lesbian athletes, however many still face intolerance both in and out of the publics eyes. Homophobia operates differently in both mens and womens sports, they both face expectations to different lengths. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Homophobia in Sports for Men and Women" essay for you Create order Yet share similar effects that hinder athletes professional and private lifes, which can all be attributed to addressing the homophobia in sports. During the 19th century athleticism was seen as a natural path for manhood or masculinity. In case of football many young men found the sport to be a right passage to becoming a man in the eyes of society. This was evident in most media involving coming to age stories for males. This kind of thinking strongly represents the culture of a male dominated society. Where as the norm was to be able to play football naturally and be rough and tough. However, if a male were unwilling to play football and unable to dominate the sport, they were seen as weak and undesirable. While the taboo of a gay sexuality in football became associated with the undesirables as a result from the views that most males had on football in society. Many young men adopted these views and beliefs in order to fit in with gender and be more accepted by the dominate males. Many view our current times as being more progressive than the 19th century, even though research found that 18 to 24-year-olds are twice as lik ely to admit that they would be embarrassed if their favourite player came out as gay (Homophobic views still prevalent in sport, 2016). This kind of homophobia leaves many athletes afraid of coming out the closet from an young age and many remain this way through out there adult life. Many athletes are afraid of persecution, bullying and isolation despite their athleticism and success in sports. While playing sports has become a social construct in acting out male gender, it is quite the opposite for women who play sports. Women in main media sports has become more popular in the last decade than the previous century alone. Unlike the men that play, Women are considered to be taboo and improper for the gender role of a female. While men are taught that some sports are a right of manhood, women on the other hand are shunned and considered outcasts for excelling in sports. Many men will consider women athletes to be different and associate their sexuality with being lesbian or a dyke. These athletes are looked down upon by a society who recognizes their athleticism and considers them to be unnatural and force them to feel isolated in their roles (Aulette Wittner, 2015). Main sports media tends to shy away from female athletes and attempts to police sexaulity in sports .While a Department of Health and Human Services study found that 30% of suicides among young people are lesbian and gay youth who are so isolated and depressed that they kill themselves (Why Coaches Need to Address Homophobia in Athletic s, 2018). The effects of homaponbia amongst men and women athletes are different but can accounted for in similar ways. Homophobia in sports can take extreme forms, such as lesbian or gay youth being stigmatized or experience violence at the hands of their peers. The perpetrators of such violence are often high school-aged young men, acting in groups. High School men who were taught as young males growing up that as a male in our society it is only honorable to be brave and strong, in order to fit into the heterosexual gender role of a male in our culture. The speer pressure for male athletes to appear masculine, whether they are gay or not, can have a lasting impact on that males personal and social development. For women, participation in sports is typically frowned upon because it is seen as the opposite to the expected societal norms created for women. Homophobia in sport tends to marginalize women and oddly create an opposite effect where unfeminine women are actually unwelcome in sports because they enforce the stereotype of the female athlete. Forcing women to hide their sexuality out of fear o f being stereotyped, even though playing a sport as girl is already considered taboo, a kind of double sided effect for females. Tackling homophobia in sports improves the situation of lesbian and gay youth who are at greater risk of isolation and harmful behaviours. Dealing with homophobia removes barriers to participation in sports and makes sports a more welcoming place for females and males. Works Cited Homophobic views still prevalent in sport. (2016, September 21). Retrieved November 9, 2018, from https://www.stonewall.org.uk/media-centre/media-release/homophobic-views-sport Why Coaches Need to Address Homophobia in Athletics. (2018). Retrieved November 9, 2018, from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/athletes/for-athletes/know-your-rights/coach-and-athletic-director-resources/coaches-need-address-homophobia-athletics/

The s Theory Of Aging Essay - 984 Words

This research was revolved around R. C. Peck’s Theory of Aging. Peck invented a theory about how elders can age successfully. He states that they must adjust psychologically in 3 distinct different ways: Self-differentiation, Body transcendence, and Self-transcendence. Self-differentiation is when people retire from work or when children leave home for good, they must figure out whether or not they still have value in our society. They may ask questions like â€Å"If I’m not doing my usual role, how am I contributing to the world?† or â€Å"What is worthwhile about me now?† People need to get used to this by coming up with ways they can still have their self-esteem now that they are not fulfilling their usual roles. Body transcendence is when people age, they develop chronic and serious health problems, their bodies cannot move like they used to and their physical appearance becomes worse, which is not always the case if you take care of yourself. The maj ority of elderly may become disabled. People need to adjust by figuring out how to be happy in life in spite of their physical disabilities and health issues. Self-transcendence describes the stage of approaching death in which people need to focus on how they can help other people, especially their families and friends who will still remain after their departure. People need to adjust by coming up with how to help their loved ones and leave a good legacy. This is not about them adjusting to their approaching death, but much ratherShow MoreRelatedTheory of Successful Aging1648 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Of Successful Aging INTERNAL CRITICISM Adequacy: The Flood’s Theory of Successful Aging (Flood, 2005) was developed to addresses a nursing theory for care of the older adult regarding to the lack of nursing theory that offers clearly delineated guidelines for care of aging. Flood’s(2002) unique definition of successful aging among other explanations includes mental, physical, and spiritual elements of the aging person and emphasizing the individuals self appraisal. She used existing knowledgeRead MoreAging : A Progressive Functional Decline Of The Body And Mind1320 Words   |  6 Pages Aging, is the process of growing old, it is defined as the gradual biological deterioration of normal function, as a result of changes made to the mitotic cells, post-mitotic cells, such as neurons. These changes would consequently have a direct impact on the functional ability of the major organs such as the heart, lungs and kidneys biological systems such as the nervous, digestive and reproductive system and ultimately the organism as a whole. Aging is a progressive functional declineRead MoreImmunological Theory of Aging Essay748 Words   |  3 Pagesshort lives, especially those to evade the aging process. With society becoming increasingly interested in everlasting beauty and living longer, the race to discover the main contributor toward aging begun in the early nineteen hundreds. In the midst of this quest, several biological theories had been developed. Among these theories is the immunity or immunological theory. This paper will discuss the immunological theory of aging by explaining the theory, giving a history of its origin and a descriptionRead MoreExplain Factors Influencing Ageing, and Explain Ways in Which Health and Social Care Workers Support the Independence and Wellbeing of Older People.980 Words   |  4 PagesP1 explain theories of ageing. In this assignment I will be explain 4 theories and link it to a scenario that was given by the teacher in class. Sociological/psychological theories; * Disengagement theory * Activity theory Biological theories: * Genetically programmed theory * Disposable soma theory * Disengagement theory This theory Cumming and Henry in 1961 suggests that when Andy is to get older he will withdraw from the society in preparation for death and this couldRead MoreIntroduction Of Late Adulthood And Retirement1659 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood, adolescence, early adulthood and late adulthood. Those different stages of development present characteristics which are particular to each stage. The last decade had seen an increase with people age sixty and above. Consequently, this aging population has significant effects on many aspect of society. Life expectancy which was of 50 years in the 19th century had tremendously increase. Indeed the factors contributing to the longevity include; public health measure to many factors suchRead MoreAging And The Aging Process1669 Words   |  7 Pages Aging, it’s something that as a species of life on this planet we are predisposed to and its results are an inevitable factor that effects our bodies in several ways, from cataracts development to the progression of memory issues from such diseases as Alzheimer’s or Huntington’s. The concepts of aging are broken down into two theories widely accepted by several varying fields of studies such as gerontology, the study of the aging process, and oncology, the study of cancer and tumor development.Read MoreAn Insight Of. Erikson Theory On Aging. Anthony Isamade.968 Words   |  4 Pages An Insight of Erikson Theory on Aging Anthony Isamade Oluwatosin Abegunde Nursing Care Concepts Aging Jean Eaton January 27, 2017 Abstract A perception of old age and the crisis associated with it. Erikson theory illuminates these various issues associated with old age through Ego Integrity vs Despair, and generates ideas that the future generations now employ to understand Aging. An Insight of Erikson Theory on Aging Aging is a concept that impacts our society. WithRead MorePhysical And Cognitive Values Of The Aging Process Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesLife Review In this paper, aging will be analyzed and evaluated by many topics that are involved in the aging process. J.S. is an elderly woman with information and insight about the aging process as she explains her own life experiences. The topics to be discussed are biological information, biological theory, sociological theory, risk factors, interventions, communication techniques, and self-reflection. The analysis and evaluation of J.S.’s aging process will explore the physical and cognitiveRead MoreWhat Can You Tell About A Population By Looking At Its Population Pyramid?1392 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"baby boomers† group is aging, they will require increased medical and financial support. According to the population pyramid there are more â€Å"baby boomers† than the individuals available to provide needed care to them. 2. Discuss the findings of at least one major longitudinal study of aging. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), began in 1958 by Nathan Shock, Ph.D. and William W. Peter, M.D. BLSA is the world’s most comprehensive and longest longitudinal study of aging in the world, which continuesRead MoreAging America, Trends And Projections ( Annotated ) Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesReference List Aging America, Trends and Projections (Annotated). An Information Paper to the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, 101st Cong. (1990). (Serial No. 101-J). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Ando, M., Morita, T. (2010). Efficacy of the structured life review and the short-term life review on the spiritual well-being of terminally ill cancer patients. Health. 2010;02(04):342–6. Boehm, J. K., Vie, L. L., Kubzansky, L. D. (2012). The promise of well-being

Antigone Creon vs Antigone Free Essays

In differentiating between the protagonist and the secondary characters in Greek drama, four characteristics of a traditional Greek hero should be kept in mind: undying loyalty, strong convictions, a single character flaw, and a lesson learned. In the play, Antigone, by Sophocles, two characters, Antigone and Creon, have thee of these four. The possession of the fourth quality is what sets one apart as the main character. We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone: Creon vs Antigone or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though the title of the play is Antigone, the main character-the protagonist- is Creon.Antigone may seem to be the only character to have everlasting loyalty , as she is willing to die for her brother, Polyneices, right to a proper burial; however, Creon also displays this trait. It is Creon’s duty as a Greek man and as a King to protect his kingdom and put it above his enemy, regardless of his or her identity. Saying † a foe is never a friend,not even in death† (Sophocles ) Creon decrees that Polyneices shall not be buried. He enforces this even with his own family member, displaying a loyalty of great proportions to his country. Moral obligation and commitment play an important role in the play.Both Antigone and Creon display unbelivable fortitude when their positions on this are questioned. Creon is willing to rob his son of his bride. His power and kingship, what Creon most values, are questioned as a result of this. Still, Creon stays commited to his punishment for Antigone. By the conclusion of the play, Creon realizes that his character is flawed. He realizes that his pride and selfishness has doomed him to a life of being punished. He accepts responsibility for the suicides of his wife ,Eurydice, and his son, Haimon. â€Å"†¦ by my stubbornness, oh my son, so young, to die so young, and all because of me. (Sophocles ) Creon learns his lesson; Antigone dies without learning.Though Creon, on the surface, appears to be a heartless politician standing in the way of Antigone’s moral obligation to her brother, the truly is the protagonist in this play. This is eveidenced by his posession of certain qualities. These qualities are loyalty to this country, a strong belief, and a single character flaw which in the end dooms him to a life of punishment. At the end of the play, he understand this about himself. That’s what sets him apart as the main character. How to cite Antigone: Creon vs Antigone, Papers

Solar Fan Cap Essay Essay Example

Solar Fan Cap Essay Paper Abstraction This survey aimed to establish out if solar power can power a fan which can alleviate heat from the caput by the usage of a cap. The energy solar power to chemical energy which is stored in the batteries to weave energy which is the fan to assist alleviate heat in the organic structure. The feasibleness of a solar fan cap made from cap as a base. solar panels from reckoners. and a CPU fan. The cap was cut in the forepart to put the fan and the solar panels were placed in the uppermost part of the cap. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Fan Cap Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Fan Cap Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Fan Cap Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Introduction A solar fan cap can be built from a cap. solar panels and a CPU fan. The individual will utilize the chapeau in the hot afternoon and bend on the fan for the person’s comfortasbility. The solar panels will bear down the batteries and the batteries will power the fan. This undertaking can be easy built by a normal individual you merely necessitate some clip and a good budget. This solar power is an interesting survey in the field of scientific discipline. We have studied this for about two months. 1. Solar Panels: These panels were used to capture light photons and transform it to electricity.2. Energy Transmission: Solar Energy to Wind Energy3. Renewable Energy: Solar Power Aim General Objective: This survey aims to happen out if the Sun is plenty to power our day-to-day demands and be efficient plenty to power the fan which can alleviate emphasis. Scope and Restrictions This survey was conducted for about 2 months. Development of solar energy stuffs were continued in order to be more efficient in the hereafter. It is limited to the handiness of the Sun beams and light photons. This undertaking is really simple for us pupils because new is in. So we like to contrive new engineering and plan new type of merchandises for singularity. This cap can be repurpose from fan cap to charger which can bear down our day-to-day appliances such as cellular telephones. tablets and bet oning devices. It needs a small betterment for its lastingness and length of service. Review of Related Literature Solar energy. beaming visible radiation and heat from the Sun. has been harnessed by worlds since antediluvian times utilizing a scope of ever-evolving engineerings. Solar energy engineerings include solar warming. solar photovoltaics. solar thermic electricity and solar architecture. which can do considerable parts to work outing some of the most pressing jobs the universe now faces. Solar engineerings are loosely characterized as either inactive solar or active solar depending on the manner they capture. convert and administer solar energy. Active solar techniques include the usage of photovoltaic panels and solar thermic aggregators to tackle the energy. Passive solar techniques include pointing a edifice to the Sun. choosing stuffs with favourable thermic mass or light scattering belongingss. and planing infinites that of course circulate air. MethodologyMaterials/Equipment 1. Cap ( any type but harder vizor is recommended )2. Solar Panels ( from reckoners )3. CPU fan Procedure: 1. Cut the forepart vizor harmonizing to the size of the fan.2. Put the fan in the forepart vizor utilizing a hot gum.3. Attach the Solar Panels in the uppermost part of the cap.4. Connect the panels in a series connexion. ( This will increase the electromotive force which will flux to the fan increasing its revolutions per minute or velocity )5. Connect the positive and negative lines to the fan and switch that will modulate the power. Consequences and Discussions After the undertaking is done. We tested it. The consequences were non great as we expected it look. The solar panels were bear downing fast but the fan’s revolutions per minute is a small spot slow but there is a flow of air in my caput. If I am sweaty adequate I would be glad if I had that sort of Equipment which is portable and double intent which makes it more interesting. Decisions Our hypothesis was right. Thou it merely produced a little sum of air flow. But in a hot conditions it can be utile. Most people will be amazed by this merchandise and seek its effectivity. Because surprisingly where did you see a chapeau with a fan powered by the Sun.

buy custom The Wife of Bath’s essay

buy custom The Wife of Bath’s essay The story gives an in-depth picture of a womans rebellion against the anti-feminist attack of the medieval age in England. The prologue gives a good and realistic representation of a woman who fights and exerts her own independence during the medieval times. Her rights to progress in the business are pinned on her marital status and as a result, this raises questions on the clearness of the feminine roles during the middle ages (Smith, 2011, para. 2). Proto-feminism is a term that refers to the ancient movement among women that advocated for feminism concepts. This philosophical point of view existed before the 20th century, a period when feminism was still not yet accepted into the society. According to the Wife of Baths Tale, feminist ideas could not hold in the medieval times. There is quite a lot that can be inferred from the prologue and the tale itself. This paper will discuss the proto-feminist stand portrayed in the story and analyze whether this theme is well depicted in the tale or not. Alison, who is playing as the wife of bath is presented as one of the best developed and discussed women in the literature during the middle Ages. She is presented as a strong willed and vigorous lady who declines to give way for men to control her moves (Ames, 2007, p. 88). She therefore stands on her feet to fight for her destiny. Although she is seen as a forerunner of the feminist ideas, her prologue depicts her as anti-feminist orator. The prologue is actually a dramatic monologue in which the actor is expressed in her own words. Although she tries to sermonize, she turns out destructive to some extent. The wife of Bath attacks medieval system of belief thereby using aggression as her defense. The dominance of authority over experience is somehow twisted. It is found that experience gives forth tolerance and focuses on other views. Concerning genital, she says experience requires the genitals not to be used just for urination, but instead for sex. She further points out that Jesus did not give a decree on virginity (Ames, 2007, p. 88). She quotes the bible and argues that even if the bible talks about virginity as perfection, it does not required such perfection from everyone. She speaks about the intricate politics of sex in marriage life, mostly employing economic language. The concept superiority of the husband is found to be turned upside down. Additionally, the dominance of the spirit over the body is still twisted. According to her, she finds the aspect of experience as she calls it, the right one for her. She is very keen to justify herself referring to the authority from the bible. She argues that Christ did not prevent people from marrying more than once according to the story of the woman who had five husbands (Ames, 2007, p. 88). She already had five husbands and was still looking for the sixth. She further claims that the scripture can be interpreted from either point of view, both up and down. She uses this claim to illustrate how genitals can serve for urination purposes and as reproductive organs for differentiating males from females (Smith, 2011, para. 4). It is at this juncture that the pardoner interrupts, asserting that he was intending to marry a wife and that she put him off. She therefore advises him to put into consideration the advice that she was to offer to him. The conversation that follows thereafter depicts the status of a feminine dominated society (Chaucer, 2011, para. 3). Feminine sex roles are seen to have dominance over masculine ones. It is quite surprising to have this kind of experience bearing in mind the time of the incident was experienced. It was way beyond the invention of feminism movements and affirmative action for female gender. The wife continues to claim that women who wanted to have dominance over men did it very smartly as illustrated in the bible. The women could easily manipulate these men in order to get what they wanted from them. She claims that three out of the five husbands were good while two were bad. They were also rich but impotent mainly due to their old age (Ames, 2007, p. 88). As a result, these husbands gave the wife all the wealth that she needed. She claims that a wife uses great tactics that allow her husbands become victims of manipulation. She might even initiate an argument; make various justifications just to attain what she wants. She managed to cover up her own adultery by accusing her husband of infidelity. The wife was able to siphon money from her husbands by alleging that if she were to sell her sexual flavors, she would make more money than what they offered her (Delahoyde, 2010, para. 10). This was normally how the wife treated her first three husbands. The wifes fourth husband was a reveler, and had a mistress in addition to having his wife. The fourth husband was a good match for the wife of bath as they mutually had similar traits. However, he soon died. Although the fifth husband was good in bed, he was very violent towards the wife. He used to beat her brutally. She loved him because of how he used to play hard to have her. After he died, she married the fifth husband, was half her age. A female domineering character is portrayed through the interaction of Jankin, the fifth husband with the wife (Ames, 2007, p. 91). When he reads a book containing information on anti-feminism, the wife punched Jankinon the face making him fall onto the fire. He wakes up and hits her sending her on sprawling on the floor. After Jankin asks for forgiveness, she makes him burn the book. This portrays her as a courageous woman who is not ready to be intimidated, not even by her husband. The wife of Baths Tale is a story given when King Arthur ruled the earth. During this time, elves used to go round impregnating women. Nevertheless, the wife deviates spontaneously and the friars have replaced the elves. They have become copulating evil spirits. The king had a knight who found a maiden alone and raped her. This type of crime was normally punishable by death in the court (Ames, 2007, p. 87). However, the queen begged the king to spare the young mans life on condition that, within a span of one year, he was to find out what women desire most. After searching for the answer for a long period of time, he finally met an old lady who promised to help him with the answer provided he agreed to marry him. She gave him the answer and after presenting it to the queen, he was pardoned his mistakes. Although Knight was happy after winning the favor of the queen, he still felt miserable since he was supposed to honor his promise of marrying the old lady. They had a private wedding. The old lady realized his unhappiness after they went home and was lying on the bed. She gave him two alternatives to choose from. He could either have her as an old lady who would never both her or she could be a young and fair wife who could most likely bother him. The lady transformed into a young woman and the couple lived happily thereafter (Smith, 2011, para. 4). She concludes by claiming that Christ should kill all the men who are not ready to be governed by women. The wife of Bath has her voice highly typical, self promoting and aggressive. Through her prologue, she silences the Pardoner and the Friar. One of the major issues for interrupting the prologue is to show its relationship with the rest of the story. Some scholars have argued that the story ends wistfully with a sorrowful wish of an elderly lady whose hope for a sixth husband might turn futile. On the other hand, there are those who argue that the whole story revolves around the issue of mastery and control. As the story opens, we are told about the lady who was raped by Knight (Smith, 2011, para. 2). This is an indication of a man who is physically dominating a female. Furthermore, as the story closes, an illustration is given of a woman whose desire is being satisfied. However, a question arises on the premise under which a woman receives dominion over a man is all she does with it is to make her husband happy. The text and how it is interpreted is paramount to the wife of Baths Tale. She is presented in the prologue as being enveloped in textile spinning. Besides being excellent in giving a tale, she is also good at spinning a cloth. At the end of the tale, the lady requests her husband to cast up the curtain and see her as she really is (Delahoyde, 2010, para. 12). As a matter of fact, it becomes hard for one to differentiate where fiction and reality commences. The wife asserts that she stands for the female voices. Her story comprises of various women who represent each other. For instance, the raped maiden is signified by the queen, who is then represented by the elderly lady. She in turn transforms herself into the beautiful young lady. The image that precedes her manifestation is fittingly twenty four women who vanish into one. The wife is portrayed as the spokeswoman, on behalf of other women. She is opposed to male writers who have written articles on antifeminism like the one Jankin reads besides the fire. It is particularly ridiculous how the wife asserts to advocate for experience yet she spends most of her time in the prologue in dealing with the written authority. Although she is opposed to text, she is an expert in it. Also, even if against clerks, she turns out very clerical. Furthermore, she is very much bitter about the anti-feminist writing but on the other hand, she makes up the same anti-feminist texts (Delahoyde, 2010, para. 14). It can be plainly said that the voice of the wife is evident throughout the story. Her interrupted monologue in both the tale and prologue shows how the wifes voice dominates most parts of the tale. As a matter of fact, there are other uninterrupted monologues by Jankin, while reading from the book of wives. Also, the lothly lady is involved in another monologue on poverty and gentilesse. The wife is depicted as a more intricate figure than just a proto-feminist. She refers to an old myth, where a lion asked a rhetoric question after seeing an image of a man triumphing over a lion. The lion enquired whether the painting had been done by a man or a lion. Therefore, the story portrayed the same message and one could be ask whether the case could be similarly dismissed. In one way, it could serve (Smith, 2011, para. 4). This is because; the wife is portrayed as a lying and scheming woman. She thus fits into the anti-feminist habit that she represents. All these complex and fascinating questions show how the tale is remarkable to interpret. One of the key factors not to forget is that there is no wife without a husband. It is therefore, impportant to comprehend the proto-feminist wife of Bath from the perspective which understands her tough links to the men in her social circle. If the wife of Bath was meant to smash the long accepted stereotype of women, it could be seen that she would perhaps involve herself in a smart and well-versed conversation with some of those people supporting her (Smith, 2011, para. 3). Nevertheless, the closer she comes to this is through offering her bent understanding and interpretation of the bible. It is written in the bible that people should procreate; however, the wife prefaces this statement with claims of how men just do all the interpretation of the bible. She therefore asserts that she is also in a position to interpret the bible also and that the text is not even beyond her reach. The worst idea that is depicted from this illustration is that it does not portray her as having intelligence but instead, she was authenticating her lose conduct with the word of God. More importantly, her prologue shows that the wife was not trying to show herself as a woman who was able to have autonomy of thought, as she merely uses the bible. She uses an approach that is mainly linked with male dominion to support her claims. As a matter of fact, she is working well within the patriarchy rather than outside of it (Smith, 2011, para. 4). She only therefore substantiates the negative stereotypes about women due to the fact that the ideas that she gives are twisted or misunderstood. This is mainly portrayed when she tries to justify bad conduct with the bible. Additionally, her misinterpretations of the bible make her look foolish instead of an informed and educated lady. This is a clear indication and representation of the women in the medieval ages (Delahoyde, 2010, para. 12). It demonstrates that women did not have the capacity to comprehend the deep meaning and mysteries found in the bible. It also shows that if they were provided with a little information ab out it, they would utilize it to justify their sinful behaviors. Many scholars debate concerning the Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale. They try to find out if the use of Alison in the tale is meant to reinforce or cancel misogynist ideas. Throughout her prologue, the wife authenticates the bad stereotypes about women. She portrays herself to be a little more than a prostitute (Smith, 2011, para. 3). Instead f being a revolutionary figure representing feminist views, she simply concerns herself with search for husbands who will offer material things in exchange for her sexual favors. According to her, money, sex and marriage are all interconnected and are inseparable. In addition, to support the issue of how the wife propagates the negative stereotypes of women, she withholds sexual favors from the husbands who do not give her enough money that she demands. This can be seen as a representation of a woman in the middle ages who is trying to exercise her independence. However, the only power that she uses is that of her sexuality (Smith, 2011, para. 2). The only thing that differentiates her from a prostitute is the fact that there is a legal obligatory contract that joins them. Nevertheless, this is totally opposite and far from the feminist view of a solid marriage as it is greatly aligned with the old and bad stereotypes of women. It is worth noting that when the wife says she would no longer abide in bed, there is a message that she is trying to put across. She is illustrating and confirming how women who are obsessed with money lower their self esteem to exchange their own sexual favors to earn a living. Furthermore, she is trying to prove that an informed and empowered woman should not be held by the york of love and marriage (Smith, 2011, para. 1). Instead, she ought to be free to do as she wishes. However, this great feeling is reverted as she portrays herself as a contradiction when speaking about the last husband. She said the fifth husband used to beat her and she loved him for that. It is quite surprising how events later turn out to be such that the former domineering wife is finally happy with a man who is battering her. The idea that audience gets from the last episodes is that the wife has a complicated understanding of marriage such that at the end, she accepts to be beaten by the husband. Even if she had fought back to get her autonomy, at the end of the tale, she is seen to give in to male dominion (Smith, 2011, para. 4). As a result, she ends up not being the revolutionary female figure she portrayed in the beginning. She is no longer the proto-feminist but rather, the same kind of a female who occurs frequently through the Middle Ages and other literature. Although she tries to portray herself as strong-willed and an autonomous female, in the end, she becomes part of the negative stereotype than an ordinary woman. Although it can be suggested that the Wife of Bath could have demonstrated an early and proto-feminist character, there are too many features that show how she is part of the patriarchy system rather than being outside it. For a female figure to be truly feminist and revolutionary, she has to find a way of presenting herself partly with men and also independent of them (Smith, 2011, para. 5). The wife of Bath decides to use the patriarchal systems of religion and marriage for her own benefit instead of looking for more meaningful transformations. Buy custom The Wife of Bath’s essay

How to Study Vocabulary for the New 2016 SAT

How to Study Vocabulary for the New 2016 SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you planning to take the SAT? Wondering how to handle the vocabulary questions? We will explain how the new SAT tests vocabulary and what that means for your study plans. Read on for an exclusive guide to new SAT vocabulary! What’s Vocabulary Like on the New SAT? As you may know, the SAT changedin 2016. The goal of the redesign is to make the SAT more modern and relevant for high school students. (Read more about the new SAT with our ultimateguide.) As part of the effort to make the SAT more modern, the Reading section no longer has sentence completionquestions. The sentence completion questions tested tough vocab words based on just one sentence of context and required obscure vocabulary knowledge. Since the new SAT is getting rid of this question type entirely, there is no longer the need to memorize hundreds of obscure vocabulary words.That's great news! Furthermore, there are far fewer vocabulary questions in general, and they are all given in the context of longer passages. The vocabulary words tested are â€Å"neither highly obscure nor only relevant to one domain,† according to the Specifications for the New SAT released by College Board. So what kinds of words is the new SAT testing? Multiple meaning words like â€Å"intense† will be tested, as opposed to super rare words like â€Å"exculpate† or â€Å"obsequious.† Below is an example of a vocab question from SAT Reading. As you can see from this example, memorizing the definition of the word "favor" wouldn't help you with this question, since any of the definitions could work for the word "favor" in different contexts. But by looking at the sentence, "The Millennialswho reached adulthood around the turn of the century and now outnumber baby boomers, tend to favor cities over suburbs, and are far more willing than their parents to ride buses and subways," you can see that only choice B, "prefer," makes sense in context. Below is a vocab question from SAT Writing. For this question, you're being asked if you should make a change to the word "swear" in the sentence "These models have expanded researchers' knowledge of ancient species and swear to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come." The correct answer is D, but you wouldn't know this just by memorizing the definition of the words in the answer choices. Like the Reading question, you need to understand the context the word is being used in to choose the correct answer.In other words, context clues will be much more important than inherently knowing the meaning of a word. Furthermore, vocabulary questions won't be a huge part of the new SAT. The new SAT will have about ten â€Å"word in context† questions for Reading (out of 52) and about eight word in context questions for Writing and Language (out of 44). This comes out to roughly 20% of questions in each section. In short, vocabulary is now a pretty minor part of the SAT, and rare vocabulary won't even be tested. So How Do You Study? Even though vocabulary is now just 20% of the Reading and Writing sections, that doesn’t mean that you should stop studying it completely. Having a strong knowledge of medium-difficulty, multi-meaning words will be crucial to doing well on the new SAT. But it no longer makes sense to spend hours and hours memorizing words. Forget about those â€Å"2000 SAT word† lists – there are simply too few vocabulary questions on the new SAT to justify spending that kind of time. Furthermore, it is important to be able to define words in context but not important to know obscure words. We will focus on two strategies: which words to learn and how to practice understanding words in context. Which Words Should You Learn? So now that the SAT has changed, how do you know which words you should be studying? Start with our PrepScholar SAT Vocab list, which teaches 262 words you should definitely know for the SAT. If you want more vocab lists after that, check out our guide to the best SAT vocabulary resources.Theselists will give you a strong foundation of words likely to appear on the new SAT, and we also give you tips on how to study them. How to Learn Words in Context Memorizing vocabulary should only be a small part of your new SAT vocabulary studying. The more important skill to learn will be how to identify and figure out the meaning of words in context. This means you should do two things: read challenging articles and learn to pick out and define words. One great (and free!) browser application to help you with this is ProfessorWord,which automatically identifies potential SAT/ACT vocabulary on various pages on the weband then provides a definition. By reading articles, you can make sure to learn realistic vocabulary likely to appear on the new SAT, rather than ultra-specialized words the SAT no longer tests. See the example below which breaks down the SAT/ACT vocabulary in a recent Atlantic article. Screenshot via The Atlantic. The vocabulary words are highlighted. If you don't know the meaning of the word, you can type it into the ProfessorWord box next to "Define." A brief definition will appear, along with links to online dictionaries with more detailed definitions. The way you can turn this into a study exercise is to pull up a challenging article, and see if you can define the highlighted words based on the words around them. Only then do you use the ProfessorWord "Define" feature to look at the actual definition. If you were wrong about a word, write the word and its definition down on a flashcard and study it to naturally expand your vocabulary. If you read one article per day and use ProfessorWord, you will get excellent practice at defining words in context and naturally expand your vocabulary. What Kinds of Articles Should You Be Reading? Any articles from the following publications/newspapers/magazines will contain SAT vocabulary. Make sure to read from different genres, as the new SAT will have passages from US and world literature, history/social studies, and science. For example, don’t just read an article about politics every day, as you will encounter very similar vocabulary and lose the opportunity to learn vocabulary to help with science and literature passages. This is just a small list of publications to get you started. If you have a favorite newspaper or magazine, feel free to incorporate it into your study regimen as long as ProfessorWord finds SAT/ACT vocabulary words in it. Starter List of Publications by Category US and World Literature: The New Yorker, The New York Times Book Review, and short stories published in various popular magazines (Vogue, GQ, Elle) History/Social Science: The New York Times, The Washington Post, Time, The Atlantic, Slate, The Economist, Bloomberg News Science: Wired, Popular Science, Psychology Today Other Tools and Tips Use the Waterfall method to learn vocabulary words. This is an effective memorization strategy that will help you learn words efficiently. We also recommend using Quizlet, an online flashcard program that you can connect to your smartphone. This is a great way to study words on the go – and also an excellent choice for people like me who hate hand writing flash cards. Finally, if you would prefer to hear definitions of words spoken aloud rather than just reading them, use the vocabulary videos at Vocab Ahead to help you master definitions. What’s Next? Want to learn more about SAT Reading beyond just vocab questions? Check out our ultimate SAT Reading study guide. It will teach you the content, skills, and tips you need to improve your SAT Reading score. Not sure what score to aim for on the SAT? Learn how to come up with a target score for the SAT based on the colleges you want to attend. How long should you study for the SAT? Read our guide so you know exactly how many hours to spend on SAT prep. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Architecture and Urban Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Architecture and Urban Projects - Essay Example For the progress of the Gaza strip in general, and the city of Gaza in particular, there is the need for Israeli approval and loosening of its iron grip over the area it once occupied and continues to control economically and militarily. This is possible only if guns on both sides fall silent and give way to a joint political and economical panel. The Gaza Strip is located 45 meters above sea level bordering the Mediterranean. Over the last 50 years its population has risen dramatically from 50,000 in 1948 to about 1.2 million in 2002, with population density of between 20,000 to100,000 per square kilometer in certain places, making it one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Half of the population consists of refugees displaced after the creation of Israel. (1) The old city of Gaza admeasures about one square kilometer and is enclosed by a great wall with gates serving as entrance and exit points. With the rise of population and activity, it spread out on the north, south and east of the old city limits. Places of interest are the Mosque of Al Sayed Hashem, the Mosque of Ibn Marwan, the Great Omari mosque, the Sheikh Abul Azm sanctuary, the the Sheikh Ailin sanctuary, Napoleaon's fort also known as Al Radwan Castle, Tell al Mintar, and the church of St Porphyrius. The Gaza city is located between Israel and Egypt, and is the principle city of Palestine. The northern suburbs of Gaza are mazes of crumbling buildings and present a picture of overcrowded populace, living in abject poverty. The historic part of the city is located in the heart of the city. The main street named Omar al Mukhtar Street runs east to west from Al Shuja'iyva quarter and extends up to the sea. There are tourist resorts with swimming pools, or facilities for swimming at the beach. (1) According to its Municipal plan, the city is primarily divided into four areas: Area B, Area C, Area of High-rise buildings, and Tourist area. In keeping with the civic rules, Buildings in Area B must be situated 3 meters away from the street and 2 meters on other sides. It must be built on a plot admeasuring at least 250 square meters, and must not consist of more than 5 floors, including the ground floor. The building must not occupy more than 60% of the plot. Buildings in Area C must be situated 2 meters away from the street and 1 meter on other sides. It must be built on a plot admeasuring at least 250 square meters, and must not consist of more than 5 floors, including the ground floor. The building must not occupy more than 80% of the plot. High rise buildings overlook streets at least 20 meters wide and extend from east to west of the city. The plot must admeasure at least 1000 square meters and the building must not occupy more than 50% of the plot. The tourist area is located 400 meters to the east of the coast line, and the detail plan is being drawn. The Gaza municipality oversees

Offer and acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Offer and acceptance - Essay Example Similarly, in Partridge v Crittenden, 2 the High Court ruled that there was no violation of the law prohibiting the offering to sell wild birds except those bred in captivity and of the closed-ring specimen despite the advertisement to that effect because it was merely an offer to treat and not a legitimate offer of sale. There are of course, exceptions to this rule as those indicated in such cases as Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, 3 where the inclusion of the  £1,000 deposit was taken to mean as proof of the serious intent of the advertiser, and Williams v Carwardine, 4 where the advertisement offering reward to any informant in a murder case was held as a general contract with anyone who could provide the information without taking into account the motive of the informant. Thus, there was no initial valid offer by Alf in his advertisement. Neither was there a valid offer/acceptance by Bert when he initially called Alf over the phone considering that he was unsure at that time. Moreover, the agreement between him and Alf for the latter not to sell the computer until Sunday is unenforceable because of the lack of consideration that is an essential element in a contract. In Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd, 5 a tyre maker sued a retailer for selling its tyre below the agreed retail price as previously agreed it and its dealers. One of the reasons why the High Court ruled against the plaintiff was that the defendant was not a party to the agreement in issue and there was no consideration flowing from the promisee to the promissor. Also, in Routledge v Grant 6 the Court held that an offer can be revoked despite an agreement to keep the offer for a certain period if no consideration was paid for that agreement. In the case at bar, there was no option money given by Bert to Alf to seal the agreement and make it enforceable. Even if the promise to hold the sale is valid, the new offer, which was valid, made by Bert on Tuesday and its

Female Form in the Art Deco Movement: Tamara de Lempicka

Female Form in the Art Deco Movement: Tamara de Lempicka Design for Passion: The female form in Art Deco The Art Deco style was the genre during the 1920s and 1930s affecting the decorative arts, fine arts and fashion (Lucie-Smith, 1996). Throughout this period it was moment for womens clothing fashions. The portraits of Polish-born Tamara de Lempicka elaborated on the trend as a painter of people mainly in the smart social circles in which she moved. She was penniless when she fled to Paris with her husband and daughter. It was then she resolved her talents of artistry would establish a successful career in Paris. To represent her painting style she elaborated on distinctive streamlined elegance with a sense of chic decadence, often compared to the cubism of Leger (sometime called Soft Cubism). She was better than anyone else at representing the Art Deco style in painting. Her works exhibited the true meaning of the Art Deco style and affiliated the passion for design that women had in their lifes turning point (de Lempicka, 1998). It can be said that she is probably the most famous painter of the art deco period. The painting style created by de Lempicka was as glamorous as her subject matter. Her instructor Andre Lhote did not realize the subtle syntheses of inspiration she portrayed. The use of a plastic metaphor which Tamara used time and again in her artistic output can be characterized by the haughty expression typical of a certain caste, or in her nudes which are allegories of lasciviousness. She used a trademark combination of soft, rounded forms set against architectural lines and shapes that reflected a new sophisticated urbanity to those she painted in highly mannered portraits. Her other main subjects included erotic nudes and still life of calla lilies. Her bold technique and palette rapidly won her acclaim as the quintessential Art Deco artist (Blondell, 2004). Art Deco design was above all modern that exemplified the boundless potential of a newly industrialized world. The characterizations of Art Deco include the use of materials such as sharkskin, zebra skin, zigzag and stepped forms, bold and sweeping curves, chevron patterns, and sunburst motif. The sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a ladys shoe. It was a mainstream in consumerism that was stressed in the great fashion magazines as Vogue and Harpers Bazaar to advertise the emergence of the New Woman in American society. It was argued that Art Deco functioned as a trademark for popular notions of femininity during a time when women were said to be the consumers of the average household. A genre of the time it appealed to women and was used as a selling point for cosmetics, clothing, home furnishings, jewelry, and art objects. The image that femininity would dominate the American imagination for the future inspired consumerism (Fischer, 2003). The corset was definitively eliminated making the flat and square dresses of the 1920s an ideal canvas to display motifs of the Art Deco period. Skirts were shortened and the female figure became formless and androgynous (sexless) the waistline dropped to the hips or simply ceased to exist. In the 1930s the waistline moved to its natural position. Nylon, satin, silk and crepe the most prevalent of materials used to make fine figure defining dresses. Fabric was cut diagonally to take advantage of its elasticity to show formation of what it covered. Skirts were made longer while the legs were allowed to be seen via long slits in the dresses and the shoulders were broadened by padded shoulder inserts (Lussier, 2003). In Portrait of a Young Girl in a Green Dress, Tamara explicitly demonstrates her visual of the fashion of the times, sleek and seductive (Lucie-Smith). Girl in Green with Gloves, probably her most famous painting epitomizes her style showing the fabric and hair combined into sharp lines and flowing curves with the entire form strongly dimensional yet remaining abstract and modern. The Art Deco of the 20s, with its geometric motifs and bright, bold colors superlative represents the best and purest forms of the decorative art period. Reaching its bold point between 1925 through 1935, the classical, symmetrical, rectilinear style of Art Deco, drew inspiration from other art movements such as Cubism, Futurism, and influence of the Bauhaus and became the dominant art form of Paris between 1920 through 1930. Tamara deLempicka was the artist who pursued the Arts Decoratifs style, derived from the Worlds fair held in 1925, formerly titled the Exposition Internationales des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes that showcased French luxury goods (Wikipedia, 2003). A 1925auto portrait, Tamara in the Green Bugatti was an oil painting on wood. Tamara was dressed in a bright yellow with black hat, matching the color of the vehicle. The painting came about when a magazine editor was overwhelmed by the drivers style. The driver, later was learned, to be de Lempicka herself. The editor had left a calling card on the windshield asking the yellow clad woman to contact her. Die Dame, Germanys leading fashion magazine, then commissioned a self portrait in the car for the magazines cover. The result was one of de Lemplickas best known works wherein she mixes cold, hard textures with luxurious, decadent sensual imagery. A point of interest on the matter was that Tamara NEVER owned a green Bugatti. The auto portrait was an icon of the era. The painting is said to represent the newly discovered freedom of women of the day (Paloma). Sexy, modern and unabashedly consumer-oriented was the new Art Deco style. Motifs were borrowed from Japan, Africa, ancient Egtyptian and Mayan cultures to create novel visual effects (Benton, 2003). French pochoir prints from the glorious Art Deco era presented womans fashion designs in their most original era. The clothing was revolutionary from designers such as Charles Worth, Jean Patou, Paul Poiret, Lucien Lelong and Joseph Paquin (Schiffer, 1998). Erte was an artist who received his fame by his drawings in Harpers Bazaars magazine for 22 yrs. His covers for the magazine shaped the entire modern tradition of fashion drawing. Erte (name derived from his initials R. T. Romaine de Tirtoff) also designed sets for plays and musicals most noted are the costumes and stage sets for the Folies-Bergere in Paris (Blum, 1976). He was perhaps the most appealing of artists at the time, called attention to the sleekness of style giving emphasis to lineal definition and bold color. (Fischer). The jewelry from the era exploded with color, drama of form and juxtaposition of texture and contour. Designs included buckles, clips, belts, mirrors, pendants, cigarette cases, rings, chains, necklaces, watchbands, brooches, studs and charms (Raulet, 2002). The aesthetic of Art Deco was most radical in the late 1920s at which female stars as Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford and Myrna Loy donned lavish Art Deco fashions. De Lempicka herself received acclaim for her aloof Garboesque beauty, her parties, and her love affairs. Her beauty and opinionated nature also increased her celebrity (de Lempicka). The style declined as a growing conservatism challenged the feminist advances of an earlier generation. The Art Deco woman was once an object of desire but she then regressed toward demeaning caricatures and pantomimes of unbridled sexuality (Fischer). To artists she (de Lempicka) appeared to be an upper-class dilettante, and to the nervous haute bourgeoisie she seemed arrogant and depraved, comments Laura Claridge. Her beauty and opinionated nature increased her celebrity as photographs of the period show a sleek woman whose lethargic-eyed mystique challenged that of Greta Garbo. De Lempicka was a very physical person. She often slept with the people she painted, or those who sat for her. They were both male and female. Her first lesbian affair was said to be with Ira Perrot who modeled for her and took her to Italy where she discovered paintings of Botticelli and Messina. It was the period of time in which she began to attend lesbian parties. Her creativeness went as far as the tastefully arrangement of food on the body of a nude woman. Thereafter, she would then slowly she eat her midnight meal (de Lempicka). The artist pursued older men as social companions, but slept with younger and more handsome men. She was often seen caressing a working-class boy one night and a woman the next. Her adventures inspired her artwork. An overview to her painting of Adam and Eve, her daughter Kizette states, The model walked across the room and picked up an apple from the bowl to satiate her hunger. Tamara then says: Stop! I have an inspiration. I have before me the vision of Adam and Eve. She then went out into the street and nearby saw a policeman on his beat. He was young and handsome. Monsieur, I am an artist and I need a model for my painting. She brought him into the studio and said you are Adam, here is your Eve completing her motivation. Among the unique aspects of her style is the overt lesbianism that informs it, especially in her female nudes, i.e. Two Friends, Spring, and The Girls. The implication of sexuality between the females is subtle yet obvious. Tamara Gorska de Lempicka was married first to Tadeusz Lempicki a Russion lawyer and socialite and then to Baron Raoul Huffner with whom she moved to America. Being a bisexual woman, de Lempickas works reflects a glorification of the female form and vignettes of female life. Seated Nude (1923) exploits her depiction of women in which she sets the tone of a powerful, curvy, and slab-faced image. Depicted during the Jazz Age de Lempickas art expel a riot of color combined with the sharpness of Cubism making them seem to explode from their frames and grab our attention (Charlish, 2004). The sexy, bedroom-eyed women in stylish dresses are rendered in haunting poses that seem to mirror her life through her art. The Orange Turban of which Tamara produced eight versions in her lifetime, shows the influence of the Dutch and Flemish masters that she absorbed while studying at the Louvre. Independent publisher Mani de Li of Modern Art A Skeptical View, opinions that Tamara succeeds in portraits that have an aim similar to Picassos failures with hers being more original, complete, better drawn, colored and composed. The paintings never contain those scratchy areas of flat schmiery ugliness and unfinish so common in even the best of Picassos, he contends. From the pages of womens magazines to the salons and counters of department stores to the set of design of Hollywood films, the Art Deco style was used to market modernity and elegance (Fischer). Tamara sold her portrait art to the rich aristocracy of Paris that fetched huge prices. She refused to comment on the fascism around her. It was between the wars, that she painted portraits of writers, entertainers, artists, scientists, industrialists, and many of Eastern Europes exiled nobility (Lucie-Smith). She had a choice to do carnival or festive art, and chose the festive (Boje, 2001). Peter Plagens, an art critic from Newsweek, referred to Tamara as practically forgotten with her production of almost soft porn. And he further stated that Tamara was the end product, not the producer of art that influences other artists (Claridge, 1999). After a threat of a Second World War, Tamara left Paris to go to Hollywood. There she became the Favorite Artist of the Hollywood Stars. The 1950s and 1960s phased out Deco Art until in a 1966 exhibition in Paris it resumed its interest. She had changed her style to abstract art in the 1960s. Her works were created then with a spatula with her output seemingly out of fashion. De Lempickas earlier works began to rise in the 1970s and by the 1990s she once again became a stylish icon. Feminisms emphasis on unearthing sidelined women had played a part in her revitalization as well. The liberation of gay women has made her the prophetic, in -house painter of lipstick lesbianism (Charlish). Today de Lempickas work still is connected to Hollywood with singer/actress Madonna and actor Jack Nicholson being the most avid contemporary collectors of her paintings. Her paintings were rediscovered by the world (Neret, Gilles, 1992). Tamara de Lempicka achieved her notoriety and fame several times during her lifetime and remains popular today for her highly sexualized art deco portraits. The qualities of decadence and hedonism that caused critics of the 1960s and 1970s to dismiss her work are those traits that now show new appreciation, comments Elizabeth Ashburn, Professor and Head of the School of Art in the College of Fine Arts at the University of South Wales, Austrailia. Tamara de Lempicka chose her teachers well. She learned the use of simple lines and a smooth finish from Maurice Denis, from who she had her first painting lesson at the Academe Ranson. She learned the neoclassical modification of cubism from Lhote in Paris. She learned the clear, glowing colors and imperious yet powerful interpretation of the female form and execution of the society portrait from Ingres (Charlish). When combined, the three distinct traits of her tutors were expelled though her own unique style in which she was able to bring across the passion of design. De Lempicka is the true demonstrator of the female form in Art Deco painting. The icon of Art Deco ceased her works after the death of her husband in 1962. She moved to Mexico and died in her sleep in 1980 only to leave behind her ashes strewn over the crater of Mt. Popocateptl along with her now valued works of art depicting one of the most fascinating periods of art history in which she displayed the liberty of the woman of her time. BIBLIOGRAPHY Benton, Tim, Benton, Charlotte Wood Ghislaine. 2003 Art Deco: 1910-1939. Bulfinch; 1st North edition. Sept. 17. ISBN:082122834X. Blondell, Alain Brugger, Ingirid. (2004) Tamara de Lempicka. Royal Academy Books. 168 pgs. ISBN: 1903973422. Blum, Stella. 1976 Designs by Erte. New York: Dover. Boje, D. M. 2001 Athletic Apparel Industry is Tamara-land. Tamara: Journal of Critical PostmodernOrganization Science. Vol. 1 (2), pp. 6-19. Charlish, Nicky.2004 Art Deco Icon: Tamara Lempicka. Culture Wars.RoyalAcademy, London. Claridge, Laura.1999 Tamara de Lempicka: A Life of Deco and Decadence. ClarksonPotter Publishers. 436 pgs., September 21. De Lempicka,Baroness Kizette and Philip, Charles. (1998) Passion by Design: The Artand Times of Tamara de Lempicka, Abberville Press. 192 pgs. ISBN:0789205033. Fischer, Lucy.2003 Designing Women: Art Deco, and the Female Form (Film and Culture). Columbia University Press. 352 pgs. ISBN: 0231125011. Lucie-Smith,Edward. 1996 Art Deco Painting, Phaidon Press, 160 pages, ISBN071482545X. Lussier, Suzanne.2003. All Tied-Up: The Corset in Contemporary Fashion. The Victoria and Albert Museum. Neret, Gilles. 1992.Tamara de Lempica Benedict. Taschen Verlag GrnbH. Kolan. Paloma Gallery. http://www.paloma.ca/gallery.html. Raulet, Sylvie.2002 Art Deco Jewelry. Thames Hudson. Schiffer. 1998. FrenchArt Deco Fashions: In Pochoir Prints from the 1920s. Schiffer Publishing .Feb. 1. 160 pages. ISBN: 0764304747. Wikipedia. 2003.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.

Berlin Crisis of 1961 from Perspective of Realism Theory Essay

Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the most dangerous moment of the Cold War. This conflict was mainly about the occupational status of Berlin. Berlin Crisis initially emerged in 1958 by the provocation of the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a separate peace treaty with East Germany unless the western powers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). However, the escalation of tensions began after the Vienna Summit in June 1961, where the USSR again raised the issue of ultimatum, which gave the United States six months for the withdrawal of Western armed forces from West Berlin. Berlin Crisis was not the only crisis during Cold War. Through the whole history of humanity there has always been a question why do wars and conflicts occur? In order to give an answer to this question we should explain some factors which made the war to occur. Crisis and especially Berlin Crisis can be understood from several perspectives, but in this paper it will be explained from realism theory perspective. As a famous representative of realism theory, Waltz asked himself the question why do wars occur? Waltz’s question is as old as war itself, possibly because â€Å"to explain how peace can be more readily achieved requires an understanding of the causes of war† (Waltz, 1959: 2). By the time Waltz posed this question, many answers to it already existed. These answers fell into three categories (or as IR theorists came to define them, were found at the three â€Å"levels of analysis† or in the â€Å"three images†). These three categories/levels/images are: the individual, the state, and the state system† (C.  Weber, 2009, p. 17). These main causes of conflict will be represented in detail in the main body of the paper by the example of Berlin Crisis. Although Waltz’s three categories of the causes of war explained many processes in the Berlin Crisis, there are also important points in the theory of realism, which typically explain Berlin Crisis, one of those points is the issue of bipolarity or multipolarity of the world. Morgenthau, an American academic and journalistic writer, in contrast to Waltz saw the stable world in multipolar rather than in a bipolar system. From his perspective bipolarity was dangerous for the world’s stability, because as we will see next, Berlin Crisis was the result of bipolar system, where two great powers tried to dominate the others, by increasing their power and authority. As Waltz said, each great power sought to survive. Thus, realism theory explained Berlin Crisis from many points of view. In order to better understand Berlin Crisis of 1961 from realism theory perspective, I will present the main points of realism theory. After, I will give a short historical background of Berlin Crisis and to summarize all these, I will illustrate how well realism theory explained the Berlin Crisis. The Realism Theory The most dominant theory throughout the Cold War was realism. Realism had a negative viewpoint concerning to abolishment of conflict and war. It described international relations as a struggle for power. The domination of realism during the Cold War was due to the fact that it gave simple but powerful explanation for war, alliances, imperialism, obstacles to cooperation, and other international phenomena, and of course, the competition was mainly related with the features of the American-Soviet rivalry (S. M. Walt, 1998). However the realist thought developed during the Cold War. †Classical† realists such as Hans Morgenthau considered that states, as human beings, had a wish to dominate others, which brings about a war. Giving advantage to multipolarity, Morgenthau considered that the bipolar rivalry between United States and the Soviet Union was very dangerous (S. M. Walt, 1998). â€Å"In contrast to â€Å"classical† realism, the â€Å"neorealist† theory, advanced by Kenneth Waltz, ignored human nature and focused on the effects of the international system (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31)†. He claimed that international system included great powers, which were seeking to stay alive. In contrast to Morgenthau, Waltz considered bipolar system more stable than multipolarity. When there are more than two poles, things get trickier. Balances are harder to strike and therefore risks increase, which brought about the wars (C. Weber, 2009). One of the most important features of realism is a theory of offence-defense. It was developed by Robert Jervis, George Quester and Stephen Van Evera. â€Å"When defense had the advantage and states could distinguish between offensive and defensive weapons, then states could acquire the means to defend themselves, without threatening others† (S. M. Walt, 1998, p. 31). â€Å"Defensive† realists thought that all states were seeking to survive and in this case, by creating alliances and adopting self-protective military position, great owers could solve their security problems. And as an example, Waltz and other neo-realists thought that the United States was protected and secured during the Cold War. Realists and neo-realists agreed that the prime aim of states was to survive and the increase of their power is the only way to guarantee their survival, because states with less power might fear of those with more power and therefore the possibility to attack them was the minimum. Besides, realists and neo-realists agreed that there was no possibility to get out from international anarchy. However there was one thing they disagree about: the issue of human nature. For example, Morgenthau argued that the nature of a man (and he meant the gender exclusive term â€Å"man†; see Tickner, 1992: Chapter 2) was defective and international politics would remain anarchical and conflictual because of the nature of man. Neorealists, of whom Kenneth Waltz was the first, disagreed with this consideration. â€Å"They argue that instead of looking to â€Å"natural† causes of conflict, we need to look to â€Å"social† ones (C. Weber, 2009, p. 16). ’ Waltz thought that the organization of social relations and not the nature of man determined there was a war or not, because states go to war as they are in a bad social organization. So, for realists, international anarchy was just the environment in which sovereign nation-states acted. For neo-realists, international anarchy described the social relations among sovereign nation-states, which explained why wars arise. By the end of the Cold War, realism had moved away from Morgenthau’s gloomy human nature and was taken on a little more positive stage (S.  M. Walt, 1998). Historical Background of Berlin Crisis After World War II Germany was divided– first into four sectors, with American, British, French and Soviet, and then into two, as the three Western sectors coalesced to form the new Federal Republic of Germany, leaving the Soviet sector to turn into the German Democratic Republic (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). And during this period Germany had two major cresses, but the 1961 Berlin crisis was generally perceived to be more dramatic and dangerous than its 1958 predecessor. The Kennedy Administration was more inclined than its predecessor to consider East–West disagreement over the Berlin crisis. President Kennedy gave a speech to the nation about preparing for war and began a $3. 4 billion military build-up in the summer of 1961. Both the US and the Soviet forces had a dramatic confrontation at a military checkpoint in Berlin. â€Å"Initially, The Berlin Crisis began in 1958, when Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to conclude a separate peace treaty with East Germany unless the western powers recognized the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR) † (I.  W. Trauschweizer, 2006, 206). However, the main crisis heated through 1961. It escalated at the Vienna summit between Khrushchev and Kennedy in June 1961, when Khrushchev again raised issue of his ultimatum. Kennedy left Vienna shaken and expected the worst from the Soviet leader. He decided to increase the personal strength of US armed forces in Europe. However, the first step of aggression did the Soviet Union. On 13 August, East German police units closed the border between the Soviet sector and the three western sectors of Berlin. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was one of the defining moments of the Cold War, and heightened the sense of tension. It was the moment when the crisis was stabilized. Even as it became increasingly apparent that Berlin was unlikely to provide a hot war, it provided the Cold War with its most conspicuous symbol, a regular stop for any visit to the city, a chance to stand and look over into a grey east and compare it with the wealth behind (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The division of Berlin and building a wall was a shock for the Kennedy administration. Most of the United States government officials were expecting that the crisis would revolve, but there were some in the administration who thought that the East German government would take measures to stop the flow of refugees from East Germany, and they believed that the border closing might reduce tensions rather than lead to escalation. In order to enforce his influence in Western part of Berlin Kennedy decided to appoint Clay, who was a chairman of the Continental Can Company in New York, as his Special Representative in Berlin with the rank of Ambassador. Kennedy considered sending Clay to Berlin for the duration of the crisis in order to boost morale in the city, but also to create conditions that would persuade Soviet leaders to join in serious negotiations (I. W. Trauschweizer, 2006). The stand-off of Soviet and American tanks in the heart of Berlin in October 1961, constituted the most dangerous moment of the Cold War in Europe and it was one of the last major politico-military incidents of Cold War. As per standing orders, both groups of tanks were loaded with live munitions. The lert levels of the US Garrison in West Berlin, then NATO and finally the US Strategic Air Command were raised and both groups of tanks had orders to fire if fired upon. Clay was convinced that using US tanks as bulldozer to knock down parts of the Wall would have ended the Crisis to the greater advantage of the US and its allies without drawing out a Soviet military response. His views, and corresponding evidence that the Soviets may have backed down following this action, supported a more critical assessment of Kennedy’s decisions during the crisis and his willingness to accept the Wall- as the best solution. After, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to reduce tensions by withdrawing the tanks. One by one the tanks withdrew and Clay returned to the United States in May 1962. Anyway, there was no doubt that the Berlin Crisis and in general, the Cold War was really over when the Wall came down in November 1989. Berlin Crisis from Realism Theory Perspective As the most dominate theory during the Cold War was the realism we easily can view Berlin crisis from the perspective of this theory, because Berlin crisis was one of the major conflicts during the Cold War. Realism explained many processes of Berlin Crisis, but there were some miscalculations concerning to it. All about these will be represented in this part of the paper. The main competition in the world realism theory saw between the United States and the Soviet Union. Realists claimed that bipolar system of world was very dangerous and gave an advantage to multipolarity. Thus, the bipolar system was very typical during Berlin Crisis, but from the neorealism perspective the bipolar world was more stable. Here neorealists had a miscalculation, because during Berlin Crisis bipolarity dominated in the world and history shows that tensions were more escalated than ever. Thus, from this point of view realists’ thoughts more corresponded to reality, than that of the neorealists. From the perspective of realism theory states must have power in order to survive. United States and Soviet Union tried to do so by strengthening the power in Europe. According to Morgenthau human beings sought to get power and to dominate others. The Berlin Crisis was good example for this idea. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were doing everything to get more power in Europe and to dominate each other. After Vienna’s summit, tensions came obvious and the first reaction of both great powers was how not to lose power over Berlin. The result was the Berlin conflict. The building of Berlin wall can be described by the wish of great powers to survive in this situation and the increase of power was the main guarantee for survival. From the perspective of realism theory fear also made these two great powers to dominate in Berlin. Both the United States and the Soviet Union took actions from fear of losing a power. After Vienna summit Kennedy was shocked and expected everything from Soviet Union. And the fear of not losing a power made Kennedy to turn to drastic actions by increasing the power over Berlin. Berlin Crisis was a result of using force. Here is the good example of Acheson’s report â€Å"The Soviets would provoke a crisis in Berlin to take advantage of US conventional force inadequacies and humiliate the new Administration† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). In the Realism theory there was another important element of aggression during the Cold War. This kind of behavior we can see from the United State’s side. National Security Adviser Mc. George Bundy endorsed the Acheson report, urging the president that â€Å"Berlin is no place for compromise and our general friendliness and eagerness for improvement on many other points really requires strength here in order to be rightly understood† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 31). The aggressive tone of the Acheson approach and its support in the Administration contrasted with the political compromises President Kennedy wanted to be in Berlin, but Khrushchev’s belligerent behavior at the Vienna summit convinced the president of the Acheson argument. However, whatever the positions of both sides were â€Å"The Berlin crises of 1958 and 1961 suggested that the range of political choice was defined less by military capabilities than by the nature of the political conflict that gave rise to the use of force and by the willingness of adversaries to accept risk in order to achieve their political goals† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 38). However why did this crisis occur? Waltz asked himself a question like this one: why do wars occur in general? The answers to this question fell into three categories: the individual, the state, and the state system. Waltz argued that the major causes of war could be found at each of these categories and none of them alone could explain why wars do or do not occur. He came to this conclusion by beginning to look at the first category- a man. From the first category Waltz explained the war like this â€Å"the locus of the important causes of war is found in the nature and behavior of man. War results from selfishness, from misdirected aggressive impulses, from stupidity†¦ If these are the primary causes of war, then the elimination of war must come through uplifting and enlightening men or securing their psychic-social readjustment† (Waltz, 1959: 16). This idea is common with the behavior of Kennedy and Khrushchev during Berlin Crisis. In the basis of this conflict a nature and behavior of both Kennedy and Khrushchev can be found. They both had an aggressive behavior. Explanation of war of â€Å"men behaving badly† is very typical for Khrushchev, when in June 1961 Khrushchev again raised the issue of his ultimatum, which claimed an immediate withdrawal of US armed forces from Berlin. â€Å"Man behaves badly because he is bad by nature. He acts unreasonably or he prioritizes selfish goals over communitarian goals, and this is why conflicts and wars occur† (C. Weber, 2009, p. 17). As we already know for Waltz man alone cannot causes wars. He thought that man’s nature was too complex to be the direct and main cause for war. For the Berlin Crisis we can conclude the same. Even the great players of this crisis were the United States and the Soviet Union leading with Kennedy and Khrushchev, only their nature and behavior were not enough to incite conflict. Thus, we can look to social and political institutions to complete our understanding of why wars occur and especially why Berlin crisis occurred. Waltz asked whether the occurrence of wars could be explained by the internal organization of states and societies. Second category theorists argued that there are good and bad states, because of their formal governmental arrangements: for example, democratic vs. autocratic or their less formal social arrangements, who owned the means of production. Second image theories claimed that bad actors (this time states) make war, and good actors preserve the peace. However, there is no common answer which is a bad one and which is good, because some suggested good states would be democratic, others say they should be monarchical, others still say socialist. Waltz suggested, even if second image theorists could agree on what a good state was, there was still no guarantee that a world of â€Å"good states† would be a peaceful world. From this viewpoint realism theory could not explain which kind of state was good or bad, and we cannot say the democratic America or the socialist Soviet Union were the causes of the risis. Waltz concluded that this level of analyses was incomplete. For the third category he gave linkages between anarchy, state actions and conflict. â€Å"In anarchy there is no automatic harmony†¦ A state will use force to attain its goals if, after assessing the prospects for success, it values those goals more than it values the pleasures of peace. Because each state is the final judge of its own cause, any state may at any time use force to implement its policies. Because any state may at any time use force, all states must constantly be ready either to counter force with force or to pay the cost of weakness (Waltz, 1959: 160)† (C. Weber, 2009, p. 18). Waltz called bad social organization international anarchy. International anarchy is the permissive cause of war† (C, Weber, 2009, p. 16). From this viewpoint realism described the social organization of states and the cause why crisis started. Taking into account the ideas of Waltz, that in the world there was international anarchy, we can say that Berlin crisis was the result of it. These can bring about the idea that both United States and Soviet Union were in bad social organization. Waltz concluded that wars occur, because there is nothing to prevent it. So, for Waltz, international anarchy explained both why wars may occur and why there are limits on cooperation among states in the international system. Waltz argued that only international anarchy has the power to explain why wars may occur, if individuals and states have nothing to fear from one another, then they have no cause to fight with one another. This idea can be linked with the fear of Kennedy, when he left Vienna. He was expecting anything from the Soviet Union and the fear made him to strength the military personal of US armed forces in Berlin. He wanted to survive by maximizing power. Waltz believed that we need to look at â€Å"social† causes of conflict rather than on â€Å"natural†. He explained that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations. States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization. From the realism perspective the United States also had bad social organization, because the Kennedy Administration did not understand the 1961 crisis in these political terms. They viewed Soviet pressure on Berlin as a military challenge to declining US superiority, and concentrated their efforts on military responses. The Administration began a series of defense improvements and public commentary that exacerbated the instability of the East German regime and raised US–Soviet tensions. They abandoned this confrontational approach in August of 1961 when the Berlin Wall was constructed, opting instead to reduce US–Soviet tensions by supporting the long-term division of Germany (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). â€Å"While it is questionable whether the Kennedy Administration, new to office and without Eisenhower’s war fighting credibility, could have succeeded with the Eisenhower approach to Berlin, the stridency with which the Kennedy Administration approached the crisis exacerbated the problem, both with the Soviet Union and among the Western allies. The US failure to follow through on its hard-line approach when the Berlin Wall was built raised serious questions about the practicality of the Kennedy Administration’s new military strategy and the reliability of the US for its European allies† (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002, p. 22). As we can see the main purpose of this conflict was to get power. Morgenthau said that â€Å"The struggle for power is universal in time and space† (Morgenthau 1948: 17) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). Waltz also shared an opinion concerning to power â€Å"The daily presence of force and recurrent reliance on it mark the affairs of nations† (Waltz 1979: 186) (J.  Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). Structural realists give predominant emphasis to international anarchy. For example, John Herz argued that international anarchy assures the centrality of the struggle for power â€Å"even in the absence of aggression or similar factors† (Herz 1976: 10; compare Waltz 1979: 62–63) (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 10). The Berlin Crisis was vivied example of sharing the the power between two great powers and the thought of Waltz that states need a power in order to survive is very typical for Berlin Crisis. Conclusion To summarize all above mentioned I would like to say that the realism theory, which was the dominant one during the Cold War, explained many processes of Berlin Crisis. In general it gave important answers about Berlin Crisis. Realism emphasized the constraints on politics imposed by human nature and the absence of international government. Together, they make international relations largely a realm of power and interest (J. Donnelly, 2004, p. 9). All realists emphasize the egoistic passions and self-interest in politics. The realists put emphasis on power and claimed that states need the power in order to survive. In case of Berlin Crisis, United States and Soviet Union maximized their power in order to get a dominant role in Europe. At the same time fear also made them to turn to radical actions. Especially United States increased the US armed forces in Berlin. So the combination of the wish to have more power and a fear to lose a power can be viewed as the causes of conflict. From the realism theory perspective there were also elements of aggression through Cold War, especially during Berlin Crisis. The aggression can be found in both United State’s and Soviet Union’s actions. However, the main reasons why this conflict occurred were described by Waltz. He represented the conflict by three categories. For him the three categories combined can made war to occur, but in general the first and the second categories can explain the Berlin Crisis. The third one, even cannot distinguish which is good state and which one is bad: in the case of Berlin Crisis we cannot say United States was good and Soviet union was bad or vice versa. Anyway, Waltz argued that good men behave badly in bad social organizations, and bad men can be stopped from behaving badly if they are in good social organizations. States go to war, then, because they are in a bad social organization (John P. S. Gearson, K. Schake, 2002). The only thing Waltz had miscalculation about was the multipolar system, because he saw the stabile world within the framework of bipolar system, but in reality, during Berlin Crisis bipolar world was very dangerous. We can conclude that realism theory managed to explain the Berlin Crisis from many points of view. There were some issues during Berlin Crisis, which realism theory could not cover, but the main aspects of it can be easily described from the realism theory perspective. To summarize the thoughts of major thinkers of realism and neorealism theory, which characteristically explained the Berlin Crisis, we can say that for Waltz the state’s interest provides the spring of action and the necessities of policy arise from the unregulated competition of states and calculation based on these necessities can discover the policies that will best serve a state’s interests. For Morgenthau, politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature and the main mark that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power. Thus, power and interest are variable in content (J. Donnelly, 2004).